J. Saxon Mills opens his 1913 history of the Panama Canal by acknowledging the dispersed literature on the subject, citing works by W. F. Johnson, Vaughan Cornish, and Emory R. Johnson, among others. The preface reveals a reliance on official reports and contemporary articles, positioning the book as a synthesis rather than a primary investigation. The catalog subject 'Panama Canal (Panama)' is accurate but narrow: the excerpts show Mills devoting significant attention to the Gatun Dam and Lake Gatun, describing the engineering challenges and the transformation of the landscape. The text repeatedly emphasizes the role of Colonel Goethals, the chief engineer, and includes technical details such as the height of the dam (135 feet) and the area of the lake (164 square miles).

Engineering Decisions and Controversies

The excerpts reveal that the Gatun Dam was a subject of intense scrutiny. Mills notes that President Roosevelt, alarmed by news of a collapse, sent a commission of engineers to the isthmus, accompanied by President-elect Taft. The commission concluded that the dam was being built too high and that the steel piling was unnecessary. This episode illustrates the interplay between engineering judgment and political oversight. Mills does not resolve the controversy but presents it as a test of the dam's efficiency, stating that 'no further anxiety on the subject need be felt.' The text also details the dam's design, including triple interlocking steel sheet-piling driven to bedrock, and the decision to carry the dam to 135 feet. These specifics ground the narrative in concrete engineering choices.

Transformation of the Landscape

Mills describes the creation of Lake Gatun as a process that 'completely altered the aspect of the country.' The reservoir, formed by blocking the Chagres outlet, submerged a primeval forest, presenting 'a rather dismal spectacle of decay and destruction.' Villages and small towns with names from the era of old navigators were buried forever. Yet Mills also notes that the lake 'looks like a natural feature of the landscape rather than yesterday's creation.' The text compares Lake Gatun to European lakes—twice the size of Lago Maggiore and four-fifths the size of Lake Geneva—and emphasizes that travelers will experience a 'full sensation of a cruise over a landlocked fjord or lake.' This dual perspective, acknowledging both loss and aesthetic integration, is a recurring theme.

Water Supply and Operational Planning

A key concern in the excerpts is the reliability of the water supply for lockages. Mills reports Colonel Goethals' estimate that in an average dry season, 58 lockages per day would be possible, exceeding the practical limit of one transit per hour. The text mentions a contingency plan: a dam at Alhajuela on the Chagres River, where surplus rainy-season water could be stored. Mills notes that details for such a dam were prepared under a former canal scheme and would be available if needed. This forward-looking discussion shows that the book addresses not only construction but also long-term operation. The reliance on rainfall and the potential for drought are treated as manageable risks, with engineering solutions already envisioned.

Readers should note that Mills' account, written before the canal's completion, focuses on the construction phase and the debates surrounding it. The text is rich in technical detail but also reflects contemporary political and economic contexts, such as the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty and the Panama Declaration of Independence. The excerpts suggest that the book is as much about the human and organizational challenges as about the engineering itself. For a full understanding, readers may wish to compare Mills' narrative with later historical analyses that benefit from hindsight.